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• Controlled parallel group trial PubMed records 19 August 2020 as the publication date. The print issue is volume 599, issue 3, dated February 2021. Cite the 2020 date.

  Six days retooled the muscle, and one day of carbohydrate got only two thirds of the way back

  Thirteen world class race walkers spent five to six days on a ketogenic or a high carbohydrate diet, then everyone ate a full carbohydrate day and raced. The retooling arrived in under a week. It did not leave in a day. Carbohydrate oxidation came back to 61 and 78 percent of where it started.

  The Journal of Physiology · Burke et al. · the Australian Catholic University · 19 August 2020 · PMID 32697366

  endurance-fuelingmetabolismketogenicfat-adaptationcarbohydrate
• Controlled parallel group trial PubMed records 14 February 2017 as the publication date. The print issue is volume 595, issue 9, dated May 2017. Cite the February 2017 date.

  The highest fat oxidation rates ever recorded came with a higher oxygen cost and no faster race

  Twenty nine elite race walkers trained hard for three weeks on one of three controlled diets. The ketogenic arm reached fat oxidation rates higher than any previously published. It also needed more oxygen to walk at race pace, and it was the only arm that did not improve its ten kilometre time.

  The Journal of Physiology · Burke et al. · the Australian Institute of Sport · 14 February 2017 · PMID 28012184

  endurance-fuelingmetabolismketogenicfat-adaptationcarbohydrate
• Randomised crossover PubMed records 27 September 2005 as the publication date. The print issue is volume 290, issue 2, dated February 2006. Cite the 2005 date.

  The glycogen was refilled and the enzyme that spends it was still turned down

  Seven cyclists trained for five days on either a high fat or a high carbohydrate diet, then ate a full carbohydrate day. Muscle glycogen ended up identical. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity did not. After the fat week it was lower at rest and throughout exercise, and glycogen was broken down more slowly.

  American Journal of Physiology, · Stellingwerff et al. · the University of Guelph · 27 September 2005 · PMID 16188909

  metabolismendurance-fuelingfat-adaptationglycogencarbohydrate
• Randomised crossover Published February 2003. The journal issue carries no day of the month.

  Five days of a high fat diet changed what the muscle was built to burn

  Fourteen trained cyclists ate five days of high fat and five days of high carbohydrate in a crossover. Resting muscle taken after the fat diet carried more of the message for the main fatty acid transporter, and more of the transporter protein itself.

  The American Journal of · Cameron-Smith et al. · Deakin University · 1 February 2003 · PMID 12540388

  metabolismendurance-fuelingfat-adaptationgene-expressioncarbohydrate
• Controlled feeding trial, not randomised Published August 1983. The journal issue carries no day of the month.

  Four weeks of ketosis cut muscle glycogen use fourfold and the time to exhaustion did not move

  Five well trained cyclists ate four weeks of a ketogenic diet with calories held constant. Glucose oxidation fell threefold, muscle glycogen use fell fourfold, and endurance time at a moderate pace was unchanged. This is the study the whole low carbohydrate argument in endurance sport is built on.

  Metabolism 32(8):769 to 776 · Phinney et al. · 1 August 1983 · PMID 6865776

  metabolismendurance-fuelingketogenicfat-adaptationglycogen