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• Cross sectional paired fraction measurement with shotgun metagenomics Online publication date confirmed against the PubMed publication date field and the PMC record.

  Some gut metabolites sit outside the bacteria and some stay locked inside, and the usual measurement cannot tell them apart

  Stool from 63 adults was measured twice, once gently and once after rupturing the bacterial cells. An active form of vitamin B12 was undetectable until the cells were broken open, while roughly two fifths of the biotin was already free outside them. The single total that fecal metabolomics normally reports is two different quantities added together.

  Gut Microbes 18(1):2719062 · Hirayama et al. · Chubu University · 24 August 2026 · PMID 42635406

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